14.2 Ampere’s law and its applications
|
14.3 Lorentz force, force on current carrying
conductors in a magnetic field
|
14.4 Magnetic moment of a current loop, torque
on a current loop, Galvanometer and its conversion to
|
15.
Electromagnetic Induction
|
15.1 Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law, eddy currents
|
15.2 Self and mutual inductance
|
15.3 Transformers and generators
|
15.4 Alternating current (peak and rms value)
|
15.5 AC circuits, LCR circuits
|
16.1 Laws of reflection and refraction
|
16.3 Optical instruments – telescope and
microscope
|
16.4 Interference – Huygen’s principle, Young’s
double slit experiment
|
16.5 Interference in thin films
|
16.6 Diffraction due to a single slit
|
16.7 Electromagnetic waves and their
characteristi cs (only qualitative ideas), El ectromagnetic spectrum
|
16.8
Polarization – states of polarization,
Malus’ law, Brewster’s law
|
17.1 Dual nature of light and matter –
Photoelectric effect, De Broglie wavelength
|
17.2 Atomic models – Rutherford’s experiment,
Bohr’s atomic model
|
17.3 Hydrogen atom spectrum
|
17.5 Nuclear reactions : Fission and fusion,
binding energy
|
1.1 Measurement: Physical quantiti es and SI
units, Dimensi onal analysis, Precision, Significant figures.
|
1.2 Chemical
reactions: Laws of
chemical combination, Dalton’s
atomic theory; Mole
concept; Atomic,
|
molecular
and molar masses; Percentage composition empiri cal & molecul ar
formula; Balanced chemical
|
equations
& stoichiometry
|
1.3 Gaseous state: Gas
Laws, ideal behavior, empirical derivation of
gas equation, Kinetic theory –
Maxwell
|
distribution of
velocities, Average, root
mean square and
most probable velocities
and relation to
|
temperature,
Diffusion; Deviation from ideal behaviour –
Critical temperature,
Liquefaction of gases, van
|
1.4 Liquid state: Vapour pressure, surface
tension, viscosity.
|
1.5 Solid state: Classificati on; Space
lattices & crystal systems; Unit cell – Cubic & hexagonal systems;
Close
|
packing;
Crystal structures: Simple AB and AB2 type ionic crystals, covalent crystals
– diamond & graphite,
|
metals. Imperfections- Point
defects,
non-stoichiometric crystals; Electrical,
magnetic and dielectric
|
properties;
Amorphous solids – qualitative description. Band theory of metals,
conductors, semiconductors
|
and
insulators, and n- and p- type semiconductors.
|
2.1 Introduction: Radioactivity, Subatomic
particles; Atomic number, isotopes and isobars, Rutherford’s picture
|
of
atom; Hydrogen atom spectrum and Bohr model.
|
.2 Quantum
mechanics: Wave-particle duality
– de Broglie
relation, Uncertainty principle;
Hydrogen atom:
|
Quantum numbers
and wavefunctions, atomic
orbitals and their
shapes (s, p,
and d), Spin
quantum
|
2.3 Many electron atoms: Pauli exclusion
principle; Aufbau principle and the electronic configurati on of atoms,
|
2.4 Periodicity: Periodic law and the modern
periodic table; Types of elements: s, p, d, and f blocks; Periodic
|
trends:
ionization energy, atomic and ionic radii, electron affini ty, electro
negativity and valency.
|
3. Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
|
3.1 Ionic Bond: Lattice Energy and Born-Haber
cycle; Covalent character of ionic bonds and polar character of
|
3.2 Molecular Structure: Lewis picture &
resonance structures, VSEPR model & molecular shapes
|
3.3 Covalent
Bond: Valence Bond Theory-
Orbital overlap, Directionality of
bonds & hybridization (s,
p & d
|
orbitals only),
Resonance; Molecular orbital
theory- Methodology, Orbital
energy level diagram,
Bond
|
order,
Magnetic properties for homonuclear diatomic species.
|
3.4 Metall ic Bond: Qualitative description.
|
3.5 Intermolecular Forces: Polarity; Dipole
moments; Hydrogen Bond.
|
4.1 Basic Concepts: Systems and surroundings;
State functions; Intensive & Extensive Properties; Zeroth Law
|
4.2 First
Law of Thermodynamics: Work,
i nternal energy, heat,
enthalpy, heat capacities;
Enthalpies of
|
formation, phase
transformation,
ionization, electron gain;
Thermochemistry; Hess’s Law.
Bond
|
dissociation,
combustion, atomization, sublimation, dilution
|
4.3 Second
Law: Spontaneous and
reversible processes; entropy; Gibbs
free energy related to spontaneity
|
and non-mechanical work;
Standard free energies
of formation, free
energy change and
chemical
|
4.4 Third Law: Introduction
|
5.
Physical and Chemical Equilibria
|
5.1 Concentration Units: Mole Fraction,
Molarity, and Molality
|
5.2 Solutions: Solubility of solids and gases
in liquids, Vapour Pressure, Raoult’s law, Rel ative lowering of
|
vapour
pressure, depression in freezing point; elevati on in boiling point; osmotic
pressure, determinati on of
|
molecular
mass; solid solutions.
|
5.3 Physical
Equilibrium: Equilibria involving
physical changes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas,
solid-gas), Surface
|
chemistry, Adsorption,
Physical and Chemical
adsorpti on, Langmuir Isotherm,
Colloids and emulsion,
|
classification,
preparation, uses.
|
5.4 Chemical Equilibria: Equil ibri um
constants (K
|
),
Le-Chatelier’s principle.
|
5.5 Ionic Equilibria: Strong and Weak
electrolytes, Acids and Bases (Arrhenius, Lewis,
Lowry and Bronsted)
|
and
their dissociation; Ionization of
Water; pH; Buffer solutions; Acid-base
titrations; Hydrolysis; Solubility
|
Product
of Sparingly Soluble Sal ts; Common Ion Effect.
|
5.6 Factors Affecting Equili bria:
Concentration, Temperature, Pressure, Catalysts, Significance of
|
6.1 Redox Reactions: Oxidation-reduction
reactions (electron transfer concept); Oxidation number; Balancing
|
of
redox reactions; Electrochemical cell s and cell reactions; Electrode potentials; EMF of
Galvanic cells;
|
Nernst
equation; Factors affecting the electrode potential; Gibbs energy change and
cell potential;
|
Secondary
cells; Fuel cells; Corrosion and its preventi on.
|
6.2 Electrolytic Conduction: Electrolytic
Conductance; Specific and molar conducti vities; Kolhrausch’s Law and
|
its
application, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; Coulometer; Electrode potential
and el ectrolysis, Commercial
|
production
of the chemicals, NaOH, Na, Al, Cl
|
7.1 Aspects of Kinetics: Rate and Rate
expression of a reaction; Rate constant; Order and molecularity of the
|
reaction;
Integrated rate expressions and half life for zero and fi rst order
reactions.
|
7.2 Factor Affecting the Rate
of the Reactions: Concentration of
the reactants, size of
particles; Temperature
|
dependence of
rate constant; Activation
energy; Catalysis, Surface
catalysis, enzymes, zeolites;
Factors
|
affecting
rate of collisions between molecul es.
|
7.3 Mechanism
of Reaction: Elementary
reactions; Complex reactions;
Reactions involving two/three
steps
|
8.
Hydrogen and s-block elements
|
8.1 Hydrogen:
Element: unique position
in periodic table,
occurrence, isotopes; Dihydrogen:
preparation,
|
properties, reactions, and uses;
Molecular, saline, ionic, covalent, intersti tial
|
hydrides;
Water: Properties;
|
Structure and
aggregation of water
molecules; Heavy water;
Hydrogen peroxide: preparation, reaction,
|
8.2 s-block elements: Abundance and occurrence; Anomalous
properties of the first elements in
each group;
|
diagonal
relationships; trends in the variation of properties (ionization energy,
atomic & ionic radii).
|
8.3 Alkali metals: Lithium,
sodium and potassium: occurrence,
extraction, reactivity, and
electrode potentials;
|
Biological
importance; Reactions with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens water and liquid
ammonia; Basic nature
|
of oxides
and hydroxides; Halides; Properties and uses of compounds such as NaCl, Na
|
8.4 Alkaline earth metals: Magnesium and
calcium: Occurrence, extraction, reactivity and electrode potentials;
|
Reactions
with non-metals; Solubility and
thermal stability of
oxo sal ts; Biological
importance; Properties
|
and
uses of important
compounds such as CaO, Ca(OH)
|
;
Lime and limestone, cement.
|
9.
p- d- and f-block elements
|
9.1 General: Abundance, distribution, physical
and chemical properties, isolation and uses of elements; Trends
|
in chemical
reactivity of elements
of a group;
electronic configuration, oxidation
states; anomalous
|
properties
of first element of each group.
|
9.2 Group 13 elements: Boron; Properties and
uses of borax, boric acid, boron hydrides & halides. Reaction of
|
aluminum
with acids and alkalis;
|
9.3 Group 14 elements: Carbon: carbon
catenation, physical & chemical properties, uses, allotropes (graphite,
|
diamond, fullerenes), oxides,
halides and sulphides,
carbides; Silicon: Silica,
silicates, silicone, silicon
|
9.4 Group
15 elements: Dinitrogen;
Reactivity and uses
of nitrogen and
its compounds; Industrial
and
|
biological
nitrogen fixation; Ammonia: Haber’s process, proper ties and reactions;
Oxides of nitrogen and
|
their structures;
Ostwald’s process of
nitric acid production;
Fertilizers – NPK
type; Production of
|
phosphorus;
Allotropes of phosphorus; Preparati on, structure and properties of hydrides,
oxides, oxoacids
|
(elementary
idea only) and halides of phosphorus, phosphine.
|
9.5 Group 16
elements: Isolation and chemical reactivity of dioxygen;
Acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides;
|
Preparation,
structure and properties of
ozone; Allotropes of sulphur;
Production of sulphur and sulphuric
|
acid;
Structure and properties of oxides, oxoacids (structures only), hydrides and
halides of sulphur.
|
9.6 Group
17 and group
18 elements: Structure
and properties of
hydrides, oxides, oxoacids
of chlorine
|
(structures only);
preparation, properties & uses
of chlorine & HCl; Inter halogen compounds;
Bleaching
|
Powder;
Preparation, structure and reactions of xenon fluorides, oxides, and
oxoacids.
|
9.7 d-Block
elements: General trends
in the chemistry
of first row
transition elements; Metallic
character;
|
Oxidation state;
ionization enthalpy; Ionic
radii; Catalytic properties;
Magnetic properties; Interstitial
|
compounds; Occurrence
and extraction of iron, copper,
silver, zi nc, and mercury;
Alloy formation; Steel
|
and
some important alloys; preparation and properties of CuSO
|
,
Mercury halides; Silver
|
nitrate
and silver halides; Photography.
|
9.8 f-Block
elements: Lanthanoids and
actinoids; Oxidation states
and chemical reactivity
of lanthanoids
|
compounds;
Lanthanide contraction; Comparison of actinoids and lanthanoids.
|
9.9 Coordination Compounds:
Coordination number; Ligands;
Werner’s coordination theory;
IUPAC
|
nomenclature;
Application and importance of coordinati on compounds (in qualitative
analysis, extraction of
|
metals and
biological systems e.g.
chlorophyll, vitamin B12,
and hemoglobin); Bonding:
Valence-bond
|
approach, Crystal
field theory (qualitative); Stability
constants; Shapes, color
and magnetic properties;
|
Isomerism
including stereoisomerisms; Organometallic compounds.
|
10.
Principles of Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
|
10.1 Classification: Based on functional groups, tri vial and
IUPAC nomenclature. Methods of purification:
|
qualitative
and quantitative.
|
10.2 Electronic
displacement in a
covalent bond: Inducti ve, resonance
effects, and hyperconjugation; free
|
radicals;
carbocations, carbanions, nucleophiles and electrophiles; types of organic
reactions.
|
10.3 Alkanes and cycloalkanes: Structural isomerism, general properties
and chemical reactions.
|
10.4 Alkenes and alkynes: General methods of
preparation and reactions, physical properties, electrophilic and
|
free
radical additions, acidic character of alkynes and (1,2 and 1,4) addition to
dienes.
|
10.5 Aromatic hydrocarbons: Sources; properties;
isomerism; resonance delocalization; aromaticity; polynuclear
|
hydrocarbons; mechanism
of electrophilic substitution reaction,
directive influence and
effect of
|
substituents
on reactivity; carcinogenicity and toxi city.
|
10.6 Haloalkanes
and haloarenes: Physical
properties, chemical reacti ons
and mechanism of
substitution
|
reaction.
Uses and environmental effects; di, tri, tetrachloromethanes, iodoform, freon
and DDT.
|
10.7 Petroleum: Composition and refining, uses
of petrochemicals.
|
11.1 Introduction: Chiral molecules; optical
activity; polarimetry; R,S and D,L configurations; Fischer projections;
|
enantiomerism;
racemates; diastereomerism and meso structures.
|
11.2 Conformations: Ethane conformations; Newman
and Sawhorse projections.
|
11.3 Geometrical isomerism in alkenes
|
12.
Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Oxygen and Nitrogen
|
12.1 General: Electronic structure, important
methods of preparation, identification, important reactions, physical
|
properties
and uses of alcohols,
phenols, ethers,
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic
acids, nitro compounds,
|
amines,
diazonium salts, cyanides and isocyanides.
|
12.2 Specific: Effect of substituents on
alpha-carbon on acid strength, comparative reactivity of acid derivatives,
|
mechanism
of nucleophilic addition and dehydration, basic character of
amines methods of
preparation,
|
and
their separation, importance of diazonium salts in synthetic organic
chemistry.
|
13.
Biological , Industrial and Environmental chemistry
|
13.1 The Cell: Concept of cell and energy cycle.
|
13.2 Carbohydrates: Classification; Monosaccharides; Structures of
pentoses and hexoses; Anomeric carbon;
|
Mutarotation; Simple
chemical reactions of
glucose, Disaccharides: reducing and non-reducing sugars –
|
sucrose, maltose
and l actose; Polysaccharides: elementary
idea of structures
of starch, cellulose
and
|
13.3 Proteins: Amino acids; Peptide bond;
Polypeptides; Primary structure of proteins; Simple idea of secondary
|
,
tertiary and quarternary structures of proteins; Denaturation of proteins and
enzymes.
|
13.4 Nucleic
Acids: Types of
nucleic acids; Primary building blocks of nucleic acids
(chemical composition of
|
DNA &
RNA); Primary structure
of DNA and
its double helix;
Replication; Transcription and
protein
|
13.5 Vitamins: Classification, structure,
functions in biosystems; Hormones
|
13.6 Polymers:
Classification of polymers;
General methods of
polymerization; Molecular mass
of polymers;
|
Biopolymers and
biodegradable polymers; Free
radical, cationic and
anionic addition polymerizations;
|
Copolymerization:
Natural rubber; Vulcanization of rubber; Synthetic rubbers. Condensation
polymers.
|
13.7 Pollution:
Environmental pollutants; soil, water and air pollution; Chemical
reacti ons in atmosphere; Smog;
|
Major
atmospheric pollutants; Acid rain; Ozone and its reactions; Depletion of ozone layer and its effects;
|
Industrial
air pollution; Green house effect and global warming; Green Chemistry.
|
13.8 Chemicals
in medicine, health-care
and food: Anal gesics, Tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, anti-
|
microbials, anti-fertility drugs,
antihistamines,
antibiotics, antacids; Preservati ves, artificial
sweetening
|
|
|
|
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